![]() In many countries it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance, and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water.Īlthough common in nature-both terrestrially and in the outer planets of the Solar System-and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil.Īmmonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. Around 70% of ammonia is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as urea and Diammonium phosphate. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to 45 percent of the world's food and fertilizers. A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Journal of Natural Products, 76, 2162-2173, 2013.Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH 3. Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in natural products research.Towards eco-friendly crop protection: natural deep eutectic solvents and defensive secondary metabolites.Flavour and Fragrance Journal, in press, 2017 Application of natural deep eutectic solvents to the extraction of vanillin as a green processing.Application of natural deep eutectic solvents to the extraction of anthocyanins from Catharanthus roseus with high extractability and stability replacing conventional organic solvent.Extending pharmaocological dose-response curves for salsalate with natural deep eutectic solvents.Tailoring properties of natural deep eutecic solvents with the addition of water to facilitate their applications.Natural deep eutectic solvents providing enhanced stability of natural colarants from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). ![]() Natural deep eutectic solvents as a new extraction media for phenolic metabolites in Carthamus tinctorius L.Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as New Potential Media for Green Technology.Are Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents the Missing Link in Understanding Cellular Metabolism and Physiology? Y.From the left to right: sucrose, fructose, glucose, malic acid, sucrose-fructose-glucose (1:1:1, mole/mole), sucrose-malic acid (1:1, mole/mole). The present project aims to prove the presence of NADES in plants and to unravel their role in the cellular metabolism in the light of the questions mentioned above. ![]() It has led me to answer fundamental biological questions such as how organisms deal with their non-water or lipid soluble metabolites, how plants survive extreme drought or cold condition, and how seeds can survive extremely long dry periods and germinate. The discovery of these non-toxic solvent alternatives to water has far-reaching consequences for currently held views on plant physiology and biochemistry. Many metabolites are dissolved by 10-100 times better in these newly discovered liquids than in water or lipids. Physically they are classified as natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). I have detected more than 60 combinations of solids that form liquids. However, a very obvious question arises: considering the often poor water or lipid solubility of metabolites how can organisms, particularly plants which produce a broad range of primary and secondary metabolites, control biosynthetic processing and transportation in an all-aqueous or lipid media? Recently, I found that many combinations of solid compounds abundant in plants such as sugars, amino-, and organic acids become liquid under a certain condition. Up to now it has been generally accepted that all enzyme-mediated reactions and biosynthesis involved in living organisms occur in medium that is basically composed of water or lipids. The main objective of this research programme is to confirm the presence of natural media alternative to water and lipids in living organisms, to clarify their physiological roles, and to develop applications of these new natural media in diverse fields of science. ![]() The main objective of this research programme is to confirm the presence of natural media alternative to water or lipids in organisms, to clarify their physiological roles, and to develop applications of these natural non-water- or lipid-based liquids in diverse fields of science. ![]()
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